Preliminary studies on the biology of the assam thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis hood on tea. An overview of chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis. Thrips belong to the order thysanoptera, which means fringewinged insects. Thrips, order thysanoptera, are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings.
The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. The maxillae then ingest the fluids from the cells, but not directly from the vascular tissue. Thrips are tiny, cigarshaped insects belonging to the order thysanoptera. It was named after the director of the medan quarantine station, dr bt palm, and although it has been referred to as palm thrips cie, 1986 it is not known to be associated with any palm tree species. Colonization of onions by endophytic fungi and their impacts on the biology of thrips tabaci. Ministry of agriculture and lands thrips life cycle thrips go through six stages. There was a significant interaction between insecticide treatments and time on the proportions of. A new attractant for monitoring western flower thrips. Your use of this pdf, the bioone complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of bioones terms of use, available at.
If thrips populations are not controlled, affected flowering plants may lose their ability to produce. To control this pest, invasion biology, monitoring, and integrated pest management have been generally and intensively studied for 15 years in china. There was a significant interaction between insecticide treatments and time on the proportions of f. We examine current knowledge regarding the biology of western flower thrips, with an emphasis on characteristics that contribute to its invasiveness and pest. A number of thrips species are commonly found including western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis, eastern flower thrips frankliniella tritici, onion thrips thrips tabaci, and echinothrips. We further highlight emerging topics regarding the species status of western flower thrips, as well as its genetics, biology, and ecology that facilitate its use as a model study organism and will guide development of appropriate management practices. Biology thrips are tiny insects with fringed wings that can range in size from 0. Colonization of onions by endophytic fungi and their. Oct 01, 2012 invasion of pests may result in local adaptation and the development of biotypes specialized in different hosts. Pupa is hidden in soil or curled leaves for chilli thrips and is not typically. Overview a number species of thrips demonstrate predaceous behavior, and in previous years the entire order was considered to be essentially predaceous rather than phytophagous. Thrips are small hemimetabolic insects with a distinctive cigarshaped body plan. Thripidae biology, distribution and management vivek kumar, garima kakkar, cindy l.
Onion thrips cause both direct and indirect damage to onion by feeding and ovipositing on leaves that may cause green onions scallions to. Jan, 2017 thrips response to insecticides in laboratory experiments. The species that feed on higher plants occur mostly in the family thripidae. Uga cooperative extension circular 1158 biology and management of thrips affecting the production nursery and landscape. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Leaffeeding and flower thrips deposit eggs into plants through an egglaying apparatus called an ovipositor. There are about 5000 described species of thrips insects in the order thysanoptera 1,2. These pests are less sensitive to pesticides and cause serious damage to vegetable crops as well as to ornamentals and soft fruit.
State key laboratory for biology of plant disease and insect pests. Invasion genetics of the western flower thrips in china. Variation in genetics and performance of dutch western. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, is an invasive species and the most economically important pest within the insect order thysanoptera. An overview of chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis thysanoptera. Most of these vector species are extremely polyphagous, feeding on both vegetative parts of plant and on pollen. Invasion biology of thrips 69 introduction pathways and establishment frequently, successfully established nonnative thrips species are introduced accidentally, repeatedly, and discontinuously over long periods from one or more ranges into new areas 50, 122, 159. Chilli thrips scirtothrips dorsalis hood thysanoptera. Thats why thrips have become one of the most feared and widespread pests.
Ppt invasion biology of thrips hs gadad powerpoint. If so, share your ppt presentation slides online with. Pdf sampling for estimating frankliniella species flower. In this study, we investigated western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, an invasive pest in europe. Ministry of agriculture and lands thrips identification with the exception of the striped e. Thrips response to insecticides in laboratory experiments. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that. Thrips migrate into onion fields in spring from soil, culls, weeds, other crops, imported transplants. The chilli thrips derivation 1 or yellow tea thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis hood, is an extremely successful invasive species of pestthrips which has expanded rapidly from asia over the last twenty years, and is gradually achieving a global distribution. Invasion biology, ecology, and management of western flower thrips.
Included in this small subgroup is the chilli thrips, which is a pest of numerous ornamental, vegetable and fruit crops. Variation in genetics and performance of dutch western flower. Vincent 2004 florida 2005, texas 2006, and puerto rico 2007. Invasion biology, ecology, and management of frankliniella. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, which originated from western north america, has invaded much of the agricultural world since the 1970s, and in so doing, has become a dominant thrips species in many of. It prefers to feed on onions, but feeds on many field crops, vegetables, various flowers, and bedding plants. Western flower thrips will also ingest the contents of pollen grains. Biology and pest status of western flower thrips 7 biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera. One generation takes about a month, but this can vary somewhat with temperature and the species involved. A photobased key of thrips thysanoptera associated with.
The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, is a polyphagous pest that has been spread worldwide. The two main thrips vector species associated with the initial tsw epidemic in the southeastern united states were the tobacco thrips, frankliniella fusca hinds, and the western flower thrips, f. Thrips do invade homes, possibly brought in on potted plants, and some species have been known to bite humans. Most feed on fungi and live in leaf litter or on dead wood. Furthermore, western flower thrips wft as an important invasive insect pest, the research achievements on wft has contributed to the promotion of technological innovation and development for. Invasion of pests may result in local adaptation and the development of biotypes specialized in different hosts. Morse jg, hoddle ms 2006 invasion biology of thrips. Thripidae is an invasive polyphagous pest with an expanding global range that damages a wide variety of crops. Invasion biology ecology and management of frankliniella source. Thrips order thysanoptera are minute most are 1 mm long or less, slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Biology, ecology and management of onion thrips in onion biology, ecology and management of onion thrips in onion updated march 2007updated march 2007. They inhabit leaves, shoots, and flowers of many plants. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page thrips palmi was first described by h.
The pest status of onion thrips can be attributed to its polyphagous nature, high reproductive rate, short generation time, high survival of cryptic nonfeeding prepupa and pupa instars, ability to reproduce without mating. However, although phytophagy is the predominant habit, some species partake of both types of food and others subsist only on insect food. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation with insecticides. They are elongated with transversely constricted bodies. Karny in 1925 from specimens collected in 1921 on tobacco in sumatra. We further highlight emerging topics regarding the species status of western flower thrips, as well as its genetics, biology, and ecology that facilitate its use as a model study organism and will guide development of. Thrips in greenhouse crops biology, damage and management. The general life cycle of western flower thrips is similar to that of other species in the family thripidae, consisting of an egg, 2 active feeding larval instars, 2 relatively quiescent pupal in stars, and the adult.
Biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera. Thripidae is a major agricultural and horticulture pest worldwide kirk, 2002. The extensive use of insecticides in attempts to control its populations eliminates natural enemies and competitor flower thrips species, thereby increasing its populations. Thrips tabaci lindeman is cosmopolitan, feeding on at least 140 species from over 40 families of plants. Invasion biology of thrips invasion biology of thrips morse, joseph g hoddle, mark s. Thripidae, is a pest in commercially produced onion allium cepa l. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s1980s. Scirtothrips dorsalis species complex gene trees for a. Request pdf invasion biology, ecology, and management of western flower thrips western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during. Efforts to control this pest and the tospoviruses that it vectors with intensive insecticide applications. A search of the current usdaaphis treatment manual shows eight treatment schedules.
Thrips feeding is usually accompanied by black varnishlike flecks of frass excrement. Thripidae are a major pest of tomato primarily in the subtropical regions of the world, because of their ability to transmit tospoviruses to the crop. Thrips from different commercial glasshouse crops within the dutch westland and a lab culture kept on chrysanthemum were compared. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop. The most severe outcome of the widespread interspecific competition that occurs between invasive organisms and their local congeners is species displacement. Dorsal view of adult chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis hood. Of the more than 5,500 species of thrips described in scientific literature, only 1% are deemed serious pests. It causes damage and spoilage to a vast number of economically important plant species through feeding, oviposition and spread of several plant diseases, most notably tospoviruses morse and hoddle, 2006. This manual lists several other approved chemical phosphine and. We examine current knowledge regarding the biology of western flower thrips, with an emphasis on characteristics that contribute to its invasiveness and pest status.
Onion thrips have been found in most countries throughout the world. Thripidae on japanese fruit trees by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism of the ribosomal its2 region volume 92 issue 4 s. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, which originated from western north america, has invaded much of the agricultural world since the 1970s, and in so doing, has become a dominant thrips species. Thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Pdf western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s1980s. Competitive interaction between frankliniella occidentalis. Pdf biology and ecology of the western flower thrips.
The western flower thrips is the most widespread and troublesome thrips for british columbia growers, but other species can also be serious pests. Thrips migrate into onion fields in summer from transplanted fields and earlymaturing fields alfalfaalfalfa oniononion oniononion imported plantsimported plants. Abstract thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. The great reproductive potential and keen ability for invasion combined with easy adaptation. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop dam. It is currently distributed across at least 10 provinces in china and has become.
The most common and harmful species are the onion thrips thrips tabaci and the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis. Thrips are a major pest of greenhouse crops in ontario. In both experiments, there were primarily two morphologically similar thrips types on the sticky cards and flower tapped samples that were noticeably different in size additional file 2, and in the uk experiment, a relatively larger black thrips species was observed, individuals of which were excluded from the counts. As with all pests, proper identification of thrips is the first step in developing a response to an infestation, and the digital micrograph key provided here was developed to facilitate and enhance the ability of both taxonomists and nonspecialists to identify thrips associated with horticultural crops in florida see table 1 for species list. Of the 5000 or so species of thrips, only 17 species, all in the family thripidae, are reported as vectors of plant viruses table 12. The tremendous growth in international agricultural trade that developed then fostered the invasiveness of western flower thrips. Development of reduced risk control strategies for western flower thrips and silverleaf whiteflies associated with chrysanthemum and poinsettia cuttings. The chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis hood, is an important pest of various vegetable, ornamental and fruit crops in southern and eastern asia, africa, and oceania ananthakrishnan 1993, cabieppo 1997, cab 2003. Colonization of onions by endophytic fungi and their impacts on the biology of thrips tabaci, plos one. Western flower thrips, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s1980s. Invasion biology, ecology, and management of western flower. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis p.
Thrips may also cause relatively minor direct cosmetic damage to tomato fruit in addition to the more severe damage caused by virus transmission. Manual shows eight treatment schedules involving various species of thrips. They feed by puncturing the epidermal outer layer of host tissue and sucking out the cell contents, which results in stippling, discolored flecking, or silvering of the leaf surface. Thrips thysanoptera are known as plant pests worldwide, especially in. Western flower thrips has a punchingsucking feeding habit, using the mandible to punch a hole into the host and then inserting the maxillae into the opening. Invasion biology, ecology, and management of western.
Pdf invasion biology, ecology, and management of western. Pdf sustainable management of the western flower thrips in pdf new record of western flower thrips frankliniella western flower thrips wikipedia pdf cold hardiness of western flower thrips frankliniella. The chilli thrips derivation 1 or yellow tea thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis hood, is an extremely successful invasive species of pest thrips which has expanded rapidly from asia over the last twenty years, and is gradually achieving a global distribution. Biology and management of thrips university of georgia.
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